Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

sophisticated public

  • 1 sophisticated public

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sophisticated public

  • 2 sophisticated public

    Patent terms dictionary > sophisticated public

  • 3 public

    публичный; общественный; публично-правовой; государственный; публика, общественность
    - dedicate to the public
    - consuming publics
    - general public
    - sophisticated public

    Patent terms dictionary > public

  • 4 sophisticated

    1 ( smart) [person] (worldly, cultured) raffiné, sophistiqué pej ; ( elegant) chic inv ; [clothes, fashion] recherché ; [restaurant, resort] chic inv ; [magazine] sophistiqué ; she thinks it's sophisticated to smoke elle pense que ça fait chic de fumer ; she was looking very sophisticated in black elle était très chic en noir ;
    2 ( discriminating) [mind, taste] raffiné ; [audience, public] averti ; a book for the more sophisticated student un livre pour les étudiants plus avancés ;
    3 ( advanced) [civilization] évolué ;
    4 (elaborate, complex) [equipment, machinery, technology] sophistiqué ; [argument, discussion, joke] subtil ; [style] recherché.

    Big English-French dictionary > sophisticated

  • 5 sophisticated

    sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]
       a. ( = advanced) sophistiqué
       b. ( = refined) raffiné
       c. ( = subtle) [person] averti ; [approach, understanding] subtil
    * * *
    [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd]
    1) ( smart) [person] ( cultured) raffiné, sophistiqué pej; ( elegant) chic inv; [clothes, fashion] recherché; [restaurant, resort] chic inv; [magazine] sophistiqué
    2) ( discriminating) [mind, taste] raffiné; [audience, public] averti; [civilization] évolué
    3) (elaborate, complex) [equipment, technology] sophistiqué; [argument, joke] subtil; [style] recherché

    English-French dictionary > sophisticated

  • 6 sophisticated

    [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd] 1. 2.
    1) (smart) [ person] (cultured) sofisticato; (elegant) raffinato, distinto; [ clothes] elegante; [ restaurant] chic; [ magazine] alla moda
    2) (discriminating) [mind, taste, public] raffinato
    3) (advanced) [ civilization] evoluto
    4) (elaborate) [ equipment] sofisticato; [argument, joke] sottile; [ style] ricercato
    * * *
    [sə'fistikeitid]
    1) ((of a person) having a great deal of experience and worldly wisdom, knowledge of how to dress elegantly etc: a sophisticated young man; She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.) raffinato
    2) (suitable for, or typical of, sophisticated people: The joke was too sophisticated for the child to understand; sophisticated clothes/hairstyles.) ricercato
    3) ((of machines, processes etc) highly-developed, elaborate and produced with a high degree of skill and knowledge: sophisticated photographic techniques.) sofisticato
    •
    * * *
    [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd] 1. 2.
    1) (smart) [ person] (cultured) sofisticato; (elegant) raffinato, distinto; [ clothes] elegante; [ restaurant] chic; [ magazine] alla moda
    2) (discriminating) [mind, taste, public] raffinato
    3) (advanced) [ civilization] evoluto
    4) (elaborate) [ equipment] sofisticato; [argument, joke] sottile; [ style] ricercato

    English-Italian dictionary > sophisticated

  • 7 искушенная публика

    Русско-английский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам > искушенная публика

  • 8 искушённая публика

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > искушённая публика

  • 9 sofisticado

    adj.
    1 sophisticated, high-end, complex.
    2 sophisticated, fancy, lacking naiveté, worldly-wise.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: sofisticar.
    * * *
    1→ link=sofisticar sofisticar
    1 sophisticated
    * * *
    (f. - sofisticada)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [persona, gesto] sophisticated
    2) (=afectado) pey affected
    * * *
    - da adjetivo sophisticated
    * * *
    = glamorous, sophisticated, slick, glorified, stylish, licked, sophisticate, glam.
    Nota: Abreviatura de glamorous.
    Ex. Service is perhaps not a very glamorous concept, but we are nevertheless a service profession = El servicio quizás no es un concepto muy atractivo, pero no obstante somos una profesión dedicada al servicio.
    Ex. Effective retrieval from natural language indexed data bases requires sophisticated search software.
    Ex. Whether conceived as a bookmark, newspaper tabloid, balloon, slick booklet, or some other format, the client-directed annual report conveys not only the information itself but also the intent to focus on the client's interest.
    Ex. Some visual display units are no more than glorified television sets.
    Ex. A number of innovative initiatives have resulted in stylish new public libraries.
    Ex. Modern art is often characterized by its overt acknowledgement of materials and process, whereas the licked surface of academic art is perceived as a sympton of pre-modern concerns.
    Ex. No doubt to some sophisticates in the profession much of this will read like the re-invention of the wheel, or at least no more than applied common-sense.
    Ex. Ponytails are becoming glam, says the New York Times.
    ----
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * hacer más sofisticado = dumb up.
    * poco sofisticado = elementary, corn-fed.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo sophisticated
    * * *
    = glamorous, sophisticated, slick, glorified, stylish, licked, sophisticate, glam.
    Nota: Abreviatura de glamorous.

    Ex: Service is perhaps not a very glamorous concept, but we are nevertheless a service profession = El servicio quizás no es un concepto muy atractivo, pero no obstante somos una profesión dedicada al servicio.

    Ex: Effective retrieval from natural language indexed data bases requires sophisticated search software.
    Ex: Whether conceived as a bookmark, newspaper tabloid, balloon, slick booklet, or some other format, the client-directed annual report conveys not only the information itself but also the intent to focus on the client's interest.
    Ex: Some visual display units are no more than glorified television sets.
    Ex: A number of innovative initiatives have resulted in stylish new public libraries.
    Ex: Modern art is often characterized by its overt acknowledgement of materials and process, whereas the licked surface of academic art is perceived as a sympton of pre-modern concerns.
    Ex: No doubt to some sophisticates in the profession much of this will read like the re-invention of the wheel, or at least no more than applied common-sense.
    Ex: Ponytails are becoming glam, says the New York Times.
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * hacer más sofisticado = dumb up.
    * poco sofisticado = elementary, corn-fed.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona/lenguaje› sophisticated
    2 ‹sistema/tecnología› sophisticated
    * * *

    Del verbo sofisticar: ( conjugate sofisticar)

    sofisticado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    sofisticado    
    sofisticar
    sofisticado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    sophisticated
    sofisticado,-a adjetivo sophisticated
    sofisticar verbo transitivo to sophisticate

    ' sofisticado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sofisticada
    English:
    earthy
    - rude
    - simple
    - sophisticated
    - unsophisticated
    - glamorous
    - worldly
    * * *
    sofisticado, -a adj
    1. [refinado] sophisticated
    2. [complejo] sophisticated
    * * *
    adj sophisticated
    * * *
    sofisticado, -da adj
    : sophisticated

    Spanish-English dictionary > sofisticado

  • 10 frustrar

    v.
    1 to frustrate (person).
    El accidente frustró sus planes The accident frustrated her plans.
    Su actitud frustró al gerente His attitude frustrated the manager.
    2 to thwart, to put paid to (posibilidades, ilusiones).
    * * *
    1 (cosa) to frustrate, thwart
    2 (persona) to disappoint
    1 (proyectos, planes) to fail, come to nothing
    2 (persona) to get frustrated, get disappointed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona] to frustrate; [+ proyecto, aspiración, deseo, sueño] to thwart
    2) (=abortar) [+ atentado, operación] to foil
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to frustrate; < planes> to thwart; < esperanzas> to dash
    b) < atentado> to foil
    2.
    frustrarse v pron planes to be thwarted, fail; esperanzas to come to nothing
    * * *
    = thwart, scupper, cripple, frustrate, baffle, stymie, foil, defeat, forestall, spoil, hamstring, exasperate, cast + a blight on, blight.
    Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex. This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex. The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex. The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex. As the domain expands, the problem of rule formalisation may even baffle a human expert.
    Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex. The author considers the incidence of arson in US libraries and some ways of foiling arsonists through constant vigilance and observation of library users.
    Ex. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of software programs intended to defeat some of these sabotage actions.
    Ex. In order to forestall such an event, some libraries in Britain were stung into action by the publication of an Act of Parliament which totally ignored public libraries.
    Ex. But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex. Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex. Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex. The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    ----
    * frustrar el esfuerzo = frustrate + effort.
    * frustrar las esperanzas = shatter + Posesivo + hopes, dampen + Posesivo + hopes, dash + Posesivo + hopes.
    * frustrarse = become + frustrated, run into + the sand(s).
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to frustrate; < planes> to thwart; < esperanzas> to dash
    b) < atentado> to foil
    2.
    frustrarse v pron planes to be thwarted, fail; esperanzas to come to nothing
    * * *
    = thwart, scupper, cripple, frustrate, baffle, stymie, foil, defeat, forestall, spoil, hamstring, exasperate, cast + a blight on, blight.

    Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.

    Ex: This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex: The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex: The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex: As the domain expands, the problem of rule formalisation may even baffle a human expert.
    Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex: The author considers the incidence of arson in US libraries and some ways of foiling arsonists through constant vigilance and observation of library users.
    Ex: There are hundreds, if not thousands, of software programs intended to defeat some of these sabotage actions.
    Ex: In order to forestall such an event, some libraries in Britain were stung into action by the publication of an Act of Parliament which totally ignored public libraries.
    Ex: But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex: Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex: Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex: The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    * frustrar el esfuerzo = frustrate + effort.
    * frustrar las esperanzas = shatter + Posesivo + hopes, dampen + Posesivo + hopes, dash + Posesivo + hopes.
    * frustrarse = become + frustrated, run into + the sand(s).

    * * *
    frustrar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹persona› to frustrate; ‹planes› to thwart; ‹esperanzas› to dash
    me frustra que no entiendan I find it frustrating o it frustrates me that they don't understand
    2 ‹atentado› to foil
    «planes» to be thwarted, fail; «esperanzas» to be dashed, come to nothing
    * * *

    frustrar ( conjugate frustrar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› to frustrate;
    ‹ planes› to thwart;
    ‹ esperanzas› to dash;

    frustrarse verbo pronominal [ planes] to be thwarted, fail;

    [ esperanzas] to come to nothing
    frustrar verbo transitivo to frustrate
    (una esperanza) to disappoint
    ' frustrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estropear
    - impedir
    - tronchar
    English:
    defeat
    - disappoint
    - foil
    - frustrate
    - thwart
    - baffle
    - confound
    - cross
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [persona] to frustrate
    2. [posibilidades, ilusiones] to thwart, Br to put paid to;
    [plan, robo] to thwart;
    el mal tiempo frustró nuestras vacaciones the bad weather ruined our holiday
    * * *
    v/t persona frustrate; plan thwart
    * * *
    : to frustrate, to thwart

    Spanish-English dictionary > frustrar

  • 11 aparecer

    v.
    1 to appear (ante la vista).
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    Ricardo aparece al final siempre Richard appears at the end always.
    2 to turn up (algo perdido).
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?
    3 to appear (person).
    4 to appear to, to appear in front of.
    Se me apareció una persona A person appeared to me.
    Me apareció un fantasma A ghost appeared to me.
    5 to encounter.
    Se nos apareció un problema We encountered a problem.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 to appear
    2 (dejarse ver) to show up, turn up
    3 (en el mercado) to come out (en, onto)
    1 to appear
    * * *
    verb
    1) to appear, turn up
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=presentarse) to appear, turn up *

    apareció en casa sin avisar — he appeared o turned up * at the house without warning

    2) [algo oculto] to appear, turn up *
    3) [algo perdido] to reappear, turn up *
    4) (=surgir) to appear
    5) (=editarse) [libro, disco] to come out
    6) (=figurar) [dato, nombre] to appear

    mi nombre no aparece en el censo electoral — my name does not appear on the electoral register, my name is not on the electoral register

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.
    Ex. The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.
    Ex. Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex. I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex. If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex. An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex. In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex. The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex. Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex. Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex. However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex. More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex. She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex. The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex. This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex. Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    ----
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.

    Ex: The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.

    Ex: Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex: I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex: If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex: An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex: In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex: The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex: Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex: Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex: However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex: More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex: She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex: The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex: This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex: Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.

    * * *
    aparecer [E3 ]
    vi
    A
    1 «síntoma/mancha» to appear
    los carteles han aparecido en diversos puntos de la ciudad the posters have appeared in various parts of the city
    los tesoros arqueológicos que han ido apareciendo durante la excavación the archaeological treasures which have appeared o turned up during the dig
    2 «objeto perdido» to turn up
    ¿aparecieron tus llaves? have your keys turned up yet?
    hizo aparecer un ramo de flores he produced a bouquet of flowers
    3 (en un documento) to appear
    mi nombre no aparece en la lista my name doesn't appear on the list, my name isn't on the list
    una cara que aparece mucho en las portadas de las revistas a face that often appears o features on the covers of magazines
    4 «revista» to come out; «libro» to come out, be published
    B «persona»
    1 ( fam) (llegar) to appear, turn up, show up
    2 ( fam) (dejarse ver) to appear, show up ( colloq)
    no ha vuelto a aparecer por aquí he hasn't shown his face round here again
    3 (en un espectáculo) «personaje/actor» to appear
    apareció en dos o tres películas he was in o he appeared in two or three movies
    C ( liter) (parecer) to seem
    todo aparecía como un sueño borroso it all seemed like a hazy dream
    el programa de explotación aparecía oscuro the operating program did not seem clear
    ■ aparecer
    vt
    ( Méx) to produce, make … appear
    1 «fantasma/aparición»: aparecerse A algn; to appear TO sb
    su padre se le apareció en sueños his father appeared to him in his dreams
    2 ( AmL fam) «persona» to turn up
    se apareció de vaqueros she turned up o showed up in jeans
    ¡y no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! and don't you dare show your face round here again!
    * * *

     

    aparecer ( conjugate aparecer) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) [síntoma/mancha] to appear





    d) [revista/libro] to come out

    2 [ persona]
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up

    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)

    c) (en película, televisión) to appear

    aparecerse verbo pronominal
    a) [fantasma/aparición] aparecerse a algn to appear to sb

    b) (AmL fam) [ persona] to turn up;

    ◊ ¡no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! don't you dare show your face round here again!

    aparecer
    1 verbo intransitivo
    1 to appear: su nombre aparece en los títulos de crédito, his name is on the credits
    2 (acudir alguien, encontrar algo perdido) to turn up: apareció con su hija, he turned up with his daughter
    el pasaporte apareció un mes más tarde, the passport turned up a week later
    ' aparecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejarse
    - sacar
    - salir
    - surgir
    - venir
    - amanecer
    - improviso
    English:
    alive
    - appear
    - arise
    - conjure
    - crop up
    - develop
    - listing
    - materialize
    - pop up
    - return
    - show
    - show up
    - sight
    - spring
    - surface
    - turn up
    - unaccounted
    - view
    - woodwork
    - emerge
    - mushroom
    - pop
    - reappear
    - roll
    - scene
    - turn
    - unaccounted for
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    Méx [presentar] to produce;
    inesperadamente Pedro apareció mis llaves Pedro quite unexpectedly produced my keys;
    el mago apareció un conejo de un sombrero the magician pulled a rabbit out of a hat
    ♦ vi
    1. [ante la vista] to appear;
    el sol apareció detrás de las murallas the sun appeared o came up from behind the city walls;
    aparecer de repente to appear from nowhere;
    el mago hizo aparecer un conejo de su chistera the magician pulled a rabbit out of his hat;
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    2. [publicación] to come out;
    la revista aparece los jueves the magazine comes out o is published on Thursdays
    3. [algo perdido] to turn up;
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?;
    ha aparecido un cuadro inédito de Miró a previously unknown Miró painting has turned up o been discovered
    4. [persona] to appear;
    aparecer en público to appear in public;
    aparece en varias películas de Ford she appears in several of Ford's films;
    Fam
    aparecer por [lugar] to turn up at;
    Fam
    hace días que Antonio no aparece por el bar we haven't seen Antonio in the bar for days, it's several days since Antonio showed his face in the bar;
    Fam
    ¡a buenas horas apareces, ahora que ya hemos terminado! it's a bit late turning up now, we've already finished!;
    Fam
    ¡y no se te ocurra volver a aparecer por aquí! and don't let me see your face round here again!
    * * *
    v/i appear
    * * *
    aparecer {53} vi
    1) : to appear
    2) presentarse: to show up
    3) : to turn up, to be found
    * * *
    1. (en general) to appear
    2. (encontrarse) to turn up
    ¿ha aparecido tu cartera? has your wallet turned up?
    3. (figurar) to be
    4. (llegar) to show up [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > aparecer

  • 12 investor

    сущ.
    фин. инвестор, вкладчик (капитала) (физическое лицо, частная компания или государственный институт, вкладывающие свои собственные или заемные средства в финансовые или физические активы с целью получения дохода, напр., в ценные бумаги, производственные фонды и т. п.)
    Ant:
    accredited investor, active investor, aggressive investor, angel investor, conservative investor, contrarian investor, ethical investor, foreign investor, green investor, growth investor, hands-off investor, hands-on investor, individual investor, institutional investor, international investor, long-term investor, marginal investor, moderate investor, non-accredited investor, passive investor, personal investor, portfolio investor, professional investor, public investor, retail investor, risk-averse investor, risk-loving investor, risk-neutral investor, risk-seeking investor, short-term investor, small investor, sophisticated investor, strategic investor, value investor, American Association of Individual Investors, Investors in Industry, Investors in People, Index of Investor Optimism, investor relations, investee, investment 1)
    See:
    accredited investor, active investor, aggressive investor, angel investor, conservative investor, contrarian investor, ethical investor, foreign investor, green investor, growth investor, hands-off investor, hands-on investor, individual investor, institutional investor, international investor, long-term investor, marginal investor, moderate investor, non-accredited investor, passive investor, personal investor, portfolio investor, professional investor, public investor, retail investor, risk-averse investor, risk-loving investor, risk-neutral investor, risk-seeking investor, short-term investor, small investor, sophisticated investor, strategic investor, value investor, American Association of Individual Investors, Investors in Industry, Investors in People, Index of Investor Optimism, investor relations, investee, investment 1)

    * * *
    инвестор: физическое или юридическое лицо, помещающее свои средства в финансовые или реальные активы в расчете на доход и/или прирост капитала.
    * * *
    . Владелец финансовых активов . Инвестиционная деятельность .
    * * *
    физическое лицо, юридическое лицо или государство, осуществляющее инвестиции в различные проекты

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > investor

  • 13 centro coordinador

    (n.) = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub
    Ex. The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.
    Ex. With the help of a central 'switching point' the board hopes to use this information to provide a sophisticated resource sharing scheme.
    Ex. The network has 4 centres: coordinating centres; regional centres; sectional centres; pilot centres.
    Ex. And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    * * *
    (n.) = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub

    Ex: The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.

    Ex: With the help of a central 'switching point' the board hopes to use this information to provide a sophisticated resource sharing scheme.
    Ex: The network has 4 centres: coordinating centres; regional centres; sectional centres; pilot centres.
    Ex: And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.

    Spanish-English dictionary > centro coordinador

  • 14 elevado

    adj.
    1 elevated, upland, high, towering.
    2 lofty, elevated, rarified, rarefied.
    3 dignified.
    4 high.
    5 elevated, high, steep.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: elevar.
    * * *
    1→ link=elevar elevar
    1 (gen) high
    2 figurado lofty, noble
    \
    elevado,-a a MATEMÁTICAS raised to
    * * *
    (f. - elevada)
    adj.
    1) high
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en nivel] [precio, temperatura, cantidad] high; [velocidad] high, great; [ritmo] great
    2) [en altura] [edificio] tall; [montaña, terreno] high
    paso II, 1., 2)
    3) (=sublime) [estilo] elevated, lofty; [pensamientos] noble, lofty
    4) [puesto, rango] high, important
    2.
    SM Cuba (Ferro) overhead railway; (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high
    2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial
    3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high
    4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated
    * * *
    = sharply rising, steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.], heightened, raised, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], elevated, soaring, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].
    Ex. The end of the eighteenth century saw a sharply rising demand for cheap print, associated with increases in population and in literacy which occurred all over Europe.
    Ex. The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    Ex. The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex. The cords themselves could be placed either outside the backs of the folded sheets, where they would show as raised bands across the spine of the book, or in slots sawn into the folds to give the book a flat back.
    Ex. Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.
    Ex. Public investment in rebuilding the church and the gifts of individual donors were important indications of its elevated social standing.
    Ex. Detailed images of soaring aisles, delicate carvings, and stained-glass windows from the 12th and 13th centuries are captured on this new Web site.
    Ex. Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    ----
    * aljibe elevado = water tower.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * carretera elevada = causeway.
    * cisterna elevada = water tower.
    * depósito de agua elevado = water tower.
    * excepcionalmente elevado = exceptionally high.
    * ferrocarril elevado = elevated railroad.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * ser elevado = be steep.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high
    2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial
    3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high
    4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated
    * * *
    = sharply rising, steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.], heightened, raised, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], elevated, soaring, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].

    Ex: The end of the eighteenth century saw a sharply rising demand for cheap print, associated with increases in population and in literacy which occurred all over Europe.

    Ex: The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    Ex: The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex: The cords themselves could be placed either outside the backs of the folded sheets, where they would show as raised bands across the spine of the book, or in slots sawn into the folds to give the book a flat back.
    Ex: Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.
    Ex: Public investment in rebuilding the church and the gifts of individual donors were important indications of its elevated social standing.
    Ex: Detailed images of soaring aisles, delicate carvings, and stained-glass windows from the 12th and 13th centuries are captured on this new Web site.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    * aljibe elevado = water tower.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * carretera elevada = causeway.
    * cisterna elevada = water tower.
    * depósito de agua elevado = water tower.
    * excepcionalmente elevado = exceptionally high.
    * ferrocarril elevado = elevated railroad.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * ser elevado = be steep.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.

    * * *
    elevado1 -da
    A ‹terreno/montaña› high; ‹edificio› tall, high
    B ‹cantidad› large; ‹precio/impuestos› high
    un número elevado de casos a large number of cases
    las pérdidas han sido elevadas there have been heavy o substantial losses
    un elevado índice de abstención a high rate of abstention
    C ‹categoría/calidad› high
    tiene un puesto muy elevado he has a very high o important position
    D ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated; ‹estilo› lofty, elevated
    la conversación adquirió un tono elevado the tone of the conversation became rather highbrow o elevated
    fly
    * * *

    Del verbo elevar: ( conjugate elevar)

    elevado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    elevado    
    elevar
    elevado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 ‹terreno/montaña› high;
    ‹ edificio› tall, high
    2
    a) ‹ cantidad› large;

    ‹precio/impuestos› high;
    ‹ pérdidas› heavy, substantial
    b) ‹categoría/calidad/posición› high

    c) ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated;

    ‹ estilo› lofty, elevated
    elevar ( conjugate elevar) verbo transitivo
    1 (frml)

    b) ‹espíritu/mente› to uplift

    c) ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higher

    2 (frml)
    a) ( aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increase;

    ‹ nivel de vida› to raise
    b) ‹voz/tono› to raise

    elevarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( tomar altura) [avión/cometa] to climb, gain height;
    [ globo] to rise, gain height
    2 (frml) ( aumentar) [ temperatura] to rise;
    [precios/impuestos] to rise, increase;
    [tono/voz] to rise
    3 (frml) ( ascender):
    ◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%

    elevado,-a adjetivo
    1 (temperatura) high
    (torre, construcción) tall
    2 (altruista, espiritual) noble
    elevar verbo transitivo
    1 to raise
    2 Mat to raise (to the power of)
    elevar al cuadrado, to square
    elevar al cubo, to cube
    elevado a la cuarta, etc, potencia, to raise to the power of four, etc
    ' elevado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - alto
    - elevar
    - elevada
    - carestía
    - cuadrado
    - grande
    - paso
    English:
    elevate
    - flyover
    - high
    - overhead
    - overpass
    - causeway
    - elevated
    - fly
    - grand
    - lofty
    - over
    - upper
    * * *
    elevado, -a adj
    1. [alto] [monte, terreno, precio, inflación] high;
    un elevado edificio a tall building;
    era de elevada estatura he was tall in stature;
    una persona de elevada estatura a person tall in stature;
    un elevado número de accidentes a large o high number of accidents;
    consiguieron elevados beneficios they made a large profit;
    ocupa un elevado cargo en la empresa she has a high-ranking position in the company
    2. [noble] lofty, noble;
    elevados ideales lofty o noble ideals
    3. [estilo, tono, lenguaje] elevated, sophisticated;
    emplea un vocabulario muy elevado she uses very sophisticated vocabulary
    * * *
    adj high; fig
    elevated
    * * *
    elevado, -da adj
    1) : elevated, lofty
    2) : high
    * * *
    elevado adj high

    Spanish-English dictionary > elevado

  • 15 obstaculizar

    v.
    1 to hinder, to hamper.
    2 to obstruct, to encumber, to balk, to block up.
    Su tamaño obstaculiza la vista His size obstructs the view.
    3 to obstruct the way to, to make it cumbersome to.
    María obstaculiza hacer la pared Mary makes it cumbersome to make the wall.
    4 to create an obstacle for, to obstruct.
    María obstaculiza a Ricardo Mary creates an obstacle for Richard.
    * * *
    1 to obstruct, hinder
    * * *
    VT [+ negociaciones, progreso] to hinder, hamper; [+ tráfico] to hold up
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up
    * * *
    = encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.
    Ex. It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.
    Ex. Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.
    Ex. The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.
    Ex. In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.
    Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex. It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.
    Ex. But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.
    Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex. At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    ----
    * no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.
    * sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up
    * * *
    = encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.

    Ex: It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.

    Ex: Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.
    Ex: The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.
    Ex: In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.
    Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex: It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.
    Ex: But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.
    Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex: At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    * no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.
    * sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

    * * *
    vt
    ‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper, impede; ‹tráfico› to hold up, obstruct
    no obstaculice el paso don't stand in the way
    * * *

    obstaculizar ( conjugate obstaculizar) verbo transitivo ‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper;
    ‹ tráfico› to hold up;

    obstaculizar verbo transitivo
    1 (un propósito, actividad) to hinder
    2 (el paso de una persona, animal, etc) to stand in the way of
    (de un fluido) to obstruct

    ' obstaculizar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estorbar
    - interferir
    English:
    block
    - block in
    - hamper
    - obstruct
    * * *
    [proceso, relación] to block, to put obstacles in the way of; [salida] to block, to obstruct; [tráfico] to hold up, to obstruct;
    obstaculizar el paso to block the way
    * * *
    v/t hinder, hamper
    * * *
    obstaculizar {21} vt
    impedir: to obstruct, to hinder
    * * *
    obstaculizar vb to block

    Spanish-English dictionary > obstaculizar

  • 16 surgir

    v.
    1 to happen, to turn up, to come up, to occur.
    Algo surgió ayer Something happened yesterday.
    2 to rise, to stand out, to advance, to excel.
    Surgimos después de la quiebra We rose after the bankruptcy.
    3 to appear, to emerge, to arise, to bob up.
    Surgió un animal en la oscuridad An animal appeared in the darkness.
    4 to happen unexpectedly to, to happen to.
    Nos surgió algo bueno ayer Something good happened to us yesterday.
    5 to spurt, to spout, to spring up, to issue forth.
    El agua surge del manantial The water spurts from the spring.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DIRIGIR], like link=dirigir dirigir
    1 (agua) to spring forth, spurt up
    2 figurado (aparecer - gen) to appear, emerge; (- dificultades) to crop up, arise, come up
    3 MARÍTIMO to anchor
    * * *
    verb
    to arise, emerge
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=aparecer) [gen] to arise, emerge, appear; [líquido] to spout, spout out, spurt; [barco] [en la niebla] to loom up; [persona] to appear unexpectedly
    2) [dificultad] to arise, come up, crop up
    3) (Náut) to anchor
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) manantial to rise
    b) (aparecer, salir) problema/dificultad to arise, come up, emerge; interés/sentimiento to develop, emerge; idea to emerge, come up; tema to come up, crop up; movimiento/partido to come into being, arise

    surgir DE algo: una silueta surgió de entre las sombras — a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows

    * * *
    = arise, become + available, come into + being, crop up, emerge, rise, pop up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, grow up, dawn, spring, come through, come up, come with, break out, burst forth, source, pop, set in.
    Ex. The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.
    Ex. Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex. I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex. Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    Ex. In 1961 an International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, and a statement of principles emerged, which became known as the Paris Principles.
    Ex. The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex. Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex. In the 1920s and 30s factory libraries grew up in all types of industries, particularly textile industries, but their size and quality varied.
    Ex. However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex. My point is that all literature, every example we can think of, depends for its existence on the tradition out of which it springs -- even the most avant of the avant-garde.
    Ex. More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex. She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex. The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex. Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex. It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex. What this has meant is that in the 20th century, ideas are being sourced from all over the globe; and at the speed oflight, so to speak.
    Ex. The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    ----
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.
    * emergencia + surgir = emergency + arise.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * peligro + surgir = danger + arise.
    * prejuicio + surgir = prejudice + arise.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * surgir amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * surgir de = arise out of, be rooted in, develop out of, emanate from, grow out of, stem from, spin off, come out of, spring off from, be born of.
    * surgir de nuevo = re-arise.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * surgir malentendidos = arise + misunderstandings.
    * surgir sospechas = arise + suspicion.
    * surgir una complicación = arise + complication.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * surgir un defecto = arise + fault.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) manantial to rise
    b) (aparecer, salir) problema/dificultad to arise, come up, emerge; interés/sentimiento to develop, emerge; idea to emerge, come up; tema to come up, crop up; movimiento/partido to come into being, arise

    surgir DE algo: una silueta surgió de entre las sombras — a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows

    * * *
    = arise, become + available, come into + being, crop up, emerge, rise, pop up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, grow up, dawn, spring, come through, come up, come with, break out, burst forth, source, pop, set in.

    Ex: The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.

    Ex: Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex: I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex: Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    Ex: In 1961 an International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, and a statement of principles emerged, which became known as the Paris Principles.
    Ex: The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex: Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex: In the 1920s and 30s factory libraries grew up in all types of industries, particularly textile industries, but their size and quality varied.
    Ex: However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex: My point is that all literature, every example we can think of, depends for its existence on the tradition out of which it springs -- even the most avant of the avant-garde.
    Ex: More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex: She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex: The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex: Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex: It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex: What this has meant is that in the 20th century, ideas are being sourced from all over the globe; and at the speed oflight, so to speak.
    Ex: The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * dificultad + surgir = difficulty + arise.
    * emergencia + surgir = emergency + arise.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * peligro + surgir = danger + arise.
    * prejuicio + surgir = prejudice + arise.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * surgir amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * surgir de = arise out of, be rooted in, develop out of, emanate from, grow out of, stem from, spin off, come out of, spring off from, be born of.
    * surgir de nuevo = re-arise.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * surgir malentendidos = arise + misunderstandings.
    * surgir sospechas = arise + suspicion.
    * surgir una complicación = arise + complication.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * surgir una dificultad = arise + difficulty.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * surgir un defecto = arise + fault.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.

    * * *
    surgir [I7 ]
    vi
    1 «manantial» to rise
    un chorro surgía de entre las rocas water gushed from o spouted out from between the rocks
    2 (aparecer, salir) «problema/dificultad» to arise, come up, emerge; «interés/sentimiento» to develop, emerge; «idea» to emerge, come up
    han surgido impedimentos de última hora some last-minute problems have come up o arisen
    ¿y cómo surgió ese tema? and how did that subject come up o crop up?
    el amor que surgió entre ellos the love that sprang up between them
    surgir DE algo:
    una silueta surgió de entre las sombras a shape rose up from o loomed up out of the shadows
    de la familia han surgido muchos músicos the family has produced many musicians
    han surgido muchas empresas de este tipo a lot of companies of this kind have sprung up o emerged
    el movimiento surgió como respuesta a esta injusticia the movement came into being as a response to o arose in response to this injustice
    3 (desprenderse, deducirse) surgir DE algo:
    del informe surge que … the report shows that …
    ¿qué surge de todo esto? what can be deduced from all this?
    * * *

     

    surgir ( conjugate surgir) verbo intransitivo [ manantial] to rise;
    [problema/dificultad] to arise, come up, emerge;
    [interés/sentimiento] to develop, emerge;
    [ idea] to emerge, come up;
    [ tema] to come up, crop up;
    [movimiento/partido] to come into being, arise
    surgir verbo intransitivo
    1 (sobrevenir, aparecer) to arise, come up: surgió un imprevisto, something cropped up o came up
    una extraña figura surgió de la oscuridad, a strange shape loomed up out of the darkness
    2 (manar) to rise, spout out, spring forth
    ' surgir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brotar
    - plantearse
    - salir
    - venir
    - nacer
    English:
    arise
    - come up
    - crop up
    - emerge
    - spring up
    - come
    - crop
    - develop
    - grow
    - spring
    * * *
    surgir vi
    1. [brotar] to emerge, to spring;
    un manantial surgía entre las rocas a spring emerged among the rocks, water sprang from among the rocks
    2. [aparecer] to appear;
    surgió de detrás de las cortinas he emerged from behind the curtains;
    el rascacielos surgía entre los edificios del centro the skyscraper rose o towered above the buildings Br in the city centre o US downtown
    3. [producirse] to arise;
    se lo preguntaré si surge la ocasión I'll ask her if the opportunity arises;
    la idea surgió cuando… the idea occurred to him/her/ etc when…;
    nos surgieron varios problemas we ran into a number of problems;
    me han surgido varias dudas I have a number of queries;
    nos ha surgido una dificultad de última hora a last-minute difficulty has arisen o come up;
    están surgiendo nuevos destinos turísticos new tourist destinations are emerging o appearing;
    un banco surgido como resultado de la fusión de otros dos a bank that came into being o emerged as a result of the merger of two other banks;
    un movimiento surgido tras la guerra a movement which emerged after the war
    * * *
    v/i
    1 fig
    emerge; de problema tb come up
    2 de agua spout
    * * *
    surgir {35} vi
    : to rise, to arise, to emerge
    * * *
    surgir vb to come up [pt. came; pp. come] / to arise [pt. arose; pp. arisen]

    Spanish-English dictionary > surgir

  • 17 transmitir

    v.
    1 to transmit, to flash, to relay, to broadcast.
    Eso transmite los pedidos That transmits the orders.
    El cable transmite la electricidad The wire conducts electricity.
    Ellos transmiten la noticia They transmit the news.
    2 to transmit, to convey, to relay, to transfer.
    Eso transmite los pedidos That transmits the orders.
    3 to transmit, to conduct.
    El cable transmite la electricidad The wire conducts electricity.
    4 to be transmitted to.
    Se me transmitió la enfermedad The disease was transmitted to me.
    5 to carry, to carry the disease of.
    Ese mosquito transmite la peste That mosquito carries the plague.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to transmit
    2 RADIO TELEVISIÓN to broadcast
    3 (enfermedad) to transmit, pass on
    4 DERECHO to transfer, hand down
    * * *
    verb
    1) to transmit, broadcast
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Radio, TV) [+ señal, sonido] to transmit; [+ programa] to broadcast
    2) [+ bienes, saludos, recados] to pass on
    3) [+ enfermedad, gérmenes] to give, pass on
    4) (Jur) to transfer (a to)
    2.
    VI (Radio, TV) to broadcast
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Rad, TV) < señal> to transmit; < programa> to broadcast
    2)
    a) <sonido/movimiento> to transmit
    b) <enfermedad/tara> to transmit, pass on
    c) (Der) to transfer
    d) <lengua/costumbres> to transmit, pass on; < conocimientos> to pass on
    e) <saludos/felicidades> to pass on
    2.
    transmitir vi (Rad, TV) to transmit
    * * *
    = carry with it, communicate, convey, pass on, relay, transmit, transport, transmit + onward(s), air, beam, propagate, pass down, pass along, hand down.
    Ex. On the other hand, adhering to one of the major schemes carries with it all of the disadvantages of that major scheme.
    Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex. Statistical and other numerical abstracts convey effectively certain types of economic, social and marketing data.
    Ex. If ignored, the problems are only passed on to all the users of the catalog: the public, the reference department, the acquisitions department, and naturally the cataloging department.
    Ex. Others used it as a backup for general notices that could not easily be relayed by telephone.
    Ex. The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex. And it takes little imagination to conceive of future combinations and developments to existing systems, not to speak of new and even more sophisticated means of storing, retrieving and transporting information.
    Ex. It should eventually also be possible for the user to automatically transmit his/her request onwards whenever necessary to other libraries and information centres, or even to publishers or booksellers.
    Ex. Because TV had very few channels the value of TV was very high so only things of very broad interest could be aired on those few channels.
    Ex. Now, instructors can beam what they write on their whiteboards directly to students' laptops, in effect turning each laptop screen into a portable, interactive slateboard.
    Ex. The update, once started, propagates through the database, respecting local integrity rules for each affected object.
    Ex. The knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation by sentient beings on this planet for aeons and aeons is quite impossible to fully comprehend.
    Ex. If the head of reference services does not pass along the information to the staff the reference librarians, by being uninformed, will undoubtedly not make as good an impression on the important city managers.
    Ex. A hunting guide while still in his teens, he learned his woodcraft first hand, absorbing lore handed down to him from his father.
    ----
    * facilidad de transmitir = communicability.
    * que transmite información = information-bearing.
    * transmitir Algo a Alguien = mediate + Nombre + to.
    * transmitir de generación en generación = pass down from + generation to generation.
    * transmitir información = convey + information.
    * transmitir ininterrumpidamente = stream.
    * transmitir por radio = radio.
    * transmitir una señal = transmit + signal.
    * transmitir un mensaje = convey + message.
    * transmitir un significado = convey + meaning.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Rad, TV) < señal> to transmit; < programa> to broadcast
    2)
    a) <sonido/movimiento> to transmit
    b) <enfermedad/tara> to transmit, pass on
    c) (Der) to transfer
    d) <lengua/costumbres> to transmit, pass on; < conocimientos> to pass on
    e) <saludos/felicidades> to pass on
    2.
    transmitir vi (Rad, TV) to transmit
    * * *
    = carry with it, communicate, convey, pass on, relay, transmit, transport, transmit + onward(s), air, beam, propagate, pass down, pass along, hand down.

    Ex: On the other hand, adhering to one of the major schemes carries with it all of the disadvantages of that major scheme.

    Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex: Statistical and other numerical abstracts convey effectively certain types of economic, social and marketing data.
    Ex: If ignored, the problems are only passed on to all the users of the catalog: the public, the reference department, the acquisitions department, and naturally the cataloging department.
    Ex: Others used it as a backup for general notices that could not easily be relayed by telephone.
    Ex: The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex: And it takes little imagination to conceive of future combinations and developments to existing systems, not to speak of new and even more sophisticated means of storing, retrieving and transporting information.
    Ex: It should eventually also be possible for the user to automatically transmit his/her request onwards whenever necessary to other libraries and information centres, or even to publishers or booksellers.
    Ex: Because TV had very few channels the value of TV was very high so only things of very broad interest could be aired on those few channels.
    Ex: Now, instructors can beam what they write on their whiteboards directly to students' laptops, in effect turning each laptop screen into a portable, interactive slateboard.
    Ex: The update, once started, propagates through the database, respecting local integrity rules for each affected object.
    Ex: The knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation by sentient beings on this planet for aeons and aeons is quite impossible to fully comprehend.
    Ex: If the head of reference services does not pass along the information to the staff the reference librarians, by being uninformed, will undoubtedly not make as good an impression on the important city managers.
    Ex: A hunting guide while still in his teens, he learned his woodcraft first hand, absorbing lore handed down to him from his father.
    * facilidad de transmitir = communicability.
    * que transmite información = information-bearing.
    * transmitir Algo a Alguien = mediate + Nombre + to.
    * transmitir de generación en generación = pass down from + generation to generation.
    * transmitir información = convey + information.
    * transmitir ininterrumpidamente = stream.
    * transmitir por radio = radio.
    * transmitir una señal = transmit + signal.
    * transmitir un mensaje = convey + message.
    * transmitir un significado = convey + meaning.

    * * *
    transmitir [I1 ]
    vt
    A ( Rad, TV) ‹señal› to transmit; ‹programa› to broadcast
    B
    1 ‹sonido/movimiento› to transmit
    2 ‹enfermedad/tara› to transmit, pass on
    3 ( Der) to transfer
    4 ‹lengua/costumbres› to transmit, pass on; ‹conocimientos› to pass on
    5 ‹saludos/felicidades› to pass on
    ■ transmitir
    vi
    ( Rad, TV) to transmit
    transmitimos en 909 kilohercios para todo el país we broadcast to the whole country on 909 kilohertz
    * * *

     

    transmitir ( conjugate transmitir) verbo transitivo
    1 (Rad, TV) ‹ señal› to transmit;
    ‹ programa› to broadcast
    2
    a) ‹sonido/movimiento› to transmit

    b) ‹enfermedad/lengua/costumbres› to transmit, pass on;

    ‹ conocimientos› to pass on
    c) ‹saludos/felicidades› to pass on

    verbo intransitivo (Rad, TV) to transmit
    transmitir verbo transitivo
    1 to transmit, pass on: en el escenario no transmite nada, he doesn't communicate well on stage transmitir una orden, to give an order
    2 (comunicar) me transmitieron la noticia por teléfono, I was informed of the news by phone
    3 Rad TV to broadcast
    4 (un virus, una enfermedad) to pass on: ese insecto transmite la fiebre amarilla, that insect trasmits yellow fever
    5 Jur to transfer
    ' transmitir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apestar
    - dar
    - imprimir
    - trasmitir
    - comunicar
    English:
    beam
    - broadcast
    - convey
    - hand down
    - hand on
    - impart
    - pass down
    - pass on
    - propagate
    - relay
    - transmit
    - air
    - hand
    - hook
    - network
    - pass
    - put
    - radio
    - transfer
    * * *
    transmitir, trasmitir
    ♦ vt
    1. [sonido, onda, movimiento] to transmit;
    neuronas que transmiten mensajes sensoriales neurons that transmit sensory data
    2. [por radio, ordenador] [señal, datos] to transmit, to send
    3. [programa] to broadcast;
    transmitir un programa en directo to broadcast a programme live
    4. [mensaje, noticias, saludos] to pass on, to convey;
    ésas fueron las palabras que le transmitió su hermano those were the words her brother conveyed to her
    5. [enfermedad, bacteria, virus] to transmit;
    [optimismo, pesimismo, energía] to convey, to communicate
    6. [derechos, poderes] to transfer
    ♦ See also the pronominal verb transmitirse, trasmitirse
    * * *
    v/t
    1 enfermedad spread, transmit; noticia spread;
    transmitir por herencia pass on in one’s genes
    2 RAD, TV broadcast; señal transmit
    * * *
    1) : to transmit, to broadcast
    2) : to pass on, to transfer
    : to transmit, to broadcast
    * * *
    1. (emitir) to broadcast [pt. & pp. broadcast]
    2. (contagiar) to transmit [pt. & pp. transmitted]

    Spanish-English dictionary > transmitir

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 cryptosystem

    криптографическая система, криптосистема; шифросистема
    - abuse-free cryptosystem
    - algebraic code cryptosystem
    - analog cryptosystem
    - asymmetric cryptosystem
    - asymmetric key cryptosystem
    - authentication/secrecy cryptosystem
    - bijective public key cryptosystem
    - binary cryptosystem
    - block cryptosystem
    - broadcast cryptosystem
    - broadcasting cryptosystem
    - cipher-feedback cryptosystem
    - classical cryptosystem
    - common-key cryptosystem
    - communication cryptosystem
    - compromised cryptosystem
    - computationally secure cryptosystem
    - conference cryptosystem
    - conventional cryptosystem
    - DES-based cryptosystem
    - DES-like cryptosystem
    - deterministic cryptosystem
    - DH cryptosystem
    - Diffie and Hellman cryptosystem
    - discrete-exponentiation cryptosystem
    - discrete log cryptosystem
    - E3 cryptosystem
    - effectively unbreakable cryptosystem
    - elliptic curve cryptosystem
    - endomorphic cryptosystem
    - end-to-end encryption cryptosystem
    - error propagating cryptosystem
    - factorization cryptosystem
    - finite cryptosystem
    - finite automation cryptosystem
    - Galois field cryptosystem
    - general cryptosystem
    - generalized cryptosystem
    - Goppa-code cryptosystem
    - hardware-implemented cryptosystem
    - hidden key cryptosystem
    - high-grade cryptosystem
    - high-speed cryptosystem
    - hybrid public-secret key cryptosystem
    - hybrid stream/block cryptosystem
    - identity-based cryptosystem
    - intractable cryptosystem
    - indecipherable cryptosystem
    - iterated cryptosystem
    - keyed cryptosystem
    - key escrow cryptosystem
    - key-minimal cryptosystem
    - knapsack-based cryptosystem
    - knapsack public key cryptosystem
    - matrix cryptosystem
    - McEliece' cryptosystem
    - Merkle-Hellman cryptosystem
    - MH cryptosystem
    - microprocessor based cryptosystem
    - minuend cryptosystem
    - multiple access cryptosystem
    - multiple destination cryptosystem
    - multiplicative knapsack cryptosystem
    - network cryptosystem
    - non-linear cryptosystem
    - number theoretic cryptosystem
    - one-key cryptosystem
    - one-master-key cryptosystem
    - one-time-key cryptosystem
    - one-time-pad cryptosystem
    - one-time-tape cryptosystem
    - perfect secrecy cryptosystem
    - practical security cryptosystem
    - private key cryptosystem
    - proprietary cryptosystem
    - provable secure cryptosystem
    - public key cryptosystem
    - public key distribution cryptosystem
    - public key signature cryptosystem
    - rapid cryptosystem
    - reciprocal number cryptosystem
    - residue cryptosystem
    - Rivest-Shamir-Adleman cryptosystem
    - rotor cryptosystem
    - RSA public key cryptosystem
    - r-th residue cryptosystem
    - secret-key cryptosystem
    - secure cryptosystem
    - shared key cryptosystem
    - shift register cryptosystem
    - single-key cryptosystem
    - sophisticated cryptosystem
    - split key cryptosystem
    - strong cryptosystem
    - subtractive cryptosystem
    - symmetric cryptosystem
    - theoretically unbreakable cryptosystem
    - threshold cryptosystem
    - transposition cryptosystem
    - trap-door-knapsack public key cryptosystem
    - transient key cryptosystem
    - threshold cryptosystem
    - two-key cryptosystem
    - unbreakable cryptosystem
    - voice cryptosystem
    - cryptosystem immune to cryptoanalysis

    Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > cryptosystem

  • 20 system

    - computationally secure system
    - abuse-free system
    - algebraic code system
    - analog system
    - asymmetric system
    - asymmetric key system
    - authentication/secrecy system
    - binary system
    - block system
    - broadcast system
    - broadcasting system
    - cipher-feedback system
    - classical system
    - common-key system
    - communication system
    - compromised system
    - computationally secure system
    - conference system
    - conventional system
    - DES-based system
    - DES-like system
    - deterministic system
    - DH system
    - Diffie and Hellman system
    - discrete-exponentiation system
    - discrete log system
    - E3 system
    - effectively unbreakable system
    - elliptic curve system
    - endomorphic system
    - end-to-end encryption system
    - error propagating system
    - factorization system
    - finite system
    - finite automation system
    - Galois field system
    - general system
    - generalized system
    - Goppa-code system
    - hardware-implemented system
    - hidden key system
    - high-grade system
    - high-speed system
    - hybrid public-secret key system
    - hybrid stream/block system
    - identity-based system
    - system immune to cryptoanalysis
    - indecipherable system
    - intractable system
    - iterated system
    - key escrow system
    - keyed system
    - key escrow system
    - key-minimal system
    - knapsack-based system
    - knapsack public key system
    - matrix system
    - McEliece' system
    - Merkle-Hellman system
    - MH system
    - microprocessor based system
    - minuend system
    - multiple access system
    - multiple destination system
    - multiplicative knapsack system
    - network system
    - non-linear system
    - number theoretic system
    - one-key system
    - one-master-key system
    - one-time-key system
    - one-time-pad system
    - one-time-tape system
    - perfect secrecy system
    - practical security system
    - private key system
    - proprietary system
    - public key system
    - public key distribution system
    - public key signature system
    - rapid system
    - reciprocal number system
    - residue system
    - Rivest-Shamir-Adleman system
    - rotor system
    - RSA public key system
    - r-th residue system
    - secret-key system
    - secure system
    - shared key system
    - shift register system
    - single-key system
    - sophisticated system
    - split key system
    - strong system
    - subtractive system
    - symmetric system
    - theoretically unbreakable system
    - threshold system
    - transposition system
    - trap-door-knapsack public key system
    - transient key system
    - threshold system
    - two-key system
    - unbreakable system
    - voice system

    Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > system

Страницы
  • 1
  • 2

См. также в других словарях:

  • sophisticated — sophisticated, worldly wise, worldly, blasé, disillusioned are synonymous when they apply to persons, to their attitudes and actions, or to products of human skill and effort and mean experienced or revealing experience in the ways of the world.… …   New Dictionary of Synonyms

  • Public health informatics — has been defined as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. It is one of the subdomains of (bio)medical or health informatics.In the same way that Public… …   Wikipedia

  • Public service advertising — is the use of commercial advertising techniques for non commercial purposes (see also propaganda). Typical topics for public service advertising include public health/public safety issues, emergency preparedness instructions, natural resources… …   Wikipedia

  • Public forum debate — Public forum debate, also known as crossfire debate, Po Fo, PF, or puf (or sometimes called by its former names, controversy debates or Ted Turner debate) is a style of debate practiced in National Forensic League and National Catholic Forensic… …   Wikipedia

  • public administration — 1. the implementation of public policy, largely by the executive branch. 2. a field of study preparing persons for careers in such work. * * * Introduction       the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often… …   Universalium

  • public opinion — the collective opinion of many people on some issue, problem, etc., esp. as a guide to action, decision, or the like. [1560 70] * * * Introduction       an aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic,… …   Universalium

  • Public library — The Toronto Reference Library, centerpiece of the Toronto Public Library system …   Wikipedia

  • Public relations — Journalism News · Writing style Ethics · Objectivity Values · …   Wikipedia

  • Public finance — Part of a series on Government Public finance …   Wikipedia

  • Public speaking — Oratory redirects here. For other uses, see Oratory (disambiguation). For the 2010 HBO documentary, see Public Speaking (film). Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform …   Wikipedia

  • Public switched telephone network — The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world s public circuit switched telephone networks. It consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»